共享內(nèi)存是兩個或多個進(jìn)程共享的內(nèi)存。 但是,為什么我們需要共享內(nèi)存或其他通信方式呢?
重申一下,每個進(jìn)程都有自己的地址空間,如果任何進(jìn)程想要將自己的地址空間的某些信息與其他進(jìn)程進(jìn)行通信,那么只能通過IPC(進(jìn)程間通信)技術(shù)進(jìn)行。 我們已經(jīng)知道,通信可以在相關(guān)或不相關(guān)的進(jìn)程之間進(jìn)行。
通常,使用管道或命名管道來執(zhí)行相互關(guān)聯(lián)的進(jìn)程通信。 可以使用命名管道或通過共享內(nèi)存和消息隊列的常用IPC技術(shù)執(zhí)行無關(guān)的進(jìn)程(例如在一個終端中運行一個進(jìn)程而在另一個終端中運行另一個進(jìn)程)通信。
我們已經(jīng)看到了管道和命名管道的IPC技術(shù),現(xiàn)在來了解其他的IPC技術(shù),即共享內(nèi)存,消息隊列,信號量,信號和內(nèi)存映射。
在本章中,我們將會了解所有關(guān)于共享內(nèi)存的知識。
我們知道,為了在兩個或多個進(jìn)程之間進(jìn)行通信,使用共享內(nèi)存。但是在使用共享內(nèi)存之前,系統(tǒng)調(diào)用需要完成,讓我們看看 -
shmget())shmat())shmdt())中分離進(jìn)程shmctl())讓我們看看與共享內(nèi)存有關(guān)的系統(tǒng)調(diào)用的一些細(xì)節(jié)。
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/shm.h>
int shmget(key_t key, size_t size, int shmflg)
上述系統(tǒng)調(diào)用將創(chuàng)建或分配一個System V共享內(nèi)存段。 需要傳遞的參數(shù)如下 -
key用于識別共享內(nèi)存段。key可以是任意值,也可以是來自庫函數(shù)ftok()的值。 key也可以是IPC_PRIVATE,意思是運行進(jìn)程作為服務(wù)器和客戶機(jī)(父子關(guān)系),即相互關(guān)聯(lián)的進(jìn)程通信。 如果客戶端想用這個key來使用共享內(nèi)存,那么它必須是服務(wù)器的子進(jìn)程。 另外,子進(jìn)程需要在父進(jìn)程獲得共享內(nèi)存之后創(chuàng)建。size是四舍五入PAGE_SIZE的倍數(shù)的共享內(nèi)存段的大小。shmflg指定所需的共享內(nèi)存標(biāo)志,例如IPC_CREAT(創(chuàng)建新段)或IPC_EXCL(與IPC_CREAT一起用于創(chuàng)建新段,如果段已經(jīng)存在,則調(diào)用失敗)。 還需要傳遞權(quán)限。注 - 有關(guān)權(quán)限的詳細(xì)信息,請參閱前面幾節(jié)。
這個調(diào)用會在成功時返回一個有效的共享內(nèi)存標(biāo)識符(用于進(jìn)一步調(diào)用共享內(nèi)存),在失敗時返回-1。 要知道失敗的原因,請查看errno變量或perror()函數(shù)的值。
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/shm.h>
void * shmat(int shmid, const void *shmaddr, int shmflg)
上述系統(tǒng)調(diào)用為系統(tǒng)V共享內(nèi)存段執(zhí)行共享內(nèi)存操作,即將共享內(nèi)存段附加到調(diào)用進(jìn)程的地址空間。 需要傳遞的參數(shù)如下 -
第一個參數(shù)shmid是共享內(nèi)存段的標(biāo)識符。 這個id是共享內(nèi)存標(biāo)識符,它是shmget()系統(tǒng)調(diào)用的返回值。
第二個參數(shù)shmaddr是指定附加地址。 如果shmaddr為NULL,則系統(tǒng)默認(rèn)選擇合適的地址來附加分段。 如果shmaddr不是NULL并且在shmflg中指定了SHM_RND,那么attach等于SHMLBA(下邊界地址)的最接近倍數(shù)的地址。 否則,shmaddr必須是共享內(nèi)存附件發(fā)生/啟動的頁面對齊地址。
shmflg指定所需的共享內(nèi)存標(biāo)志,例如SHM_RND(舍入到SHMLBA的地址)或SHM_EXEC(允許執(zhí)行段的內(nèi)容)或SHM_RDONLY(默認(rèn)為只讀目的附加段 它是可讀寫的)或SHM_REMAP(替換shmaddr指定范圍內(nèi)的現(xiàn)有映射并繼續(xù)到段的結(jié)尾)。-1。 要知道失敗的原因,請檢查errno變量或perror()函數(shù)。#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/shm.h>
int shmdt(const void *shmaddr)
上述系統(tǒng)調(diào)用對共享內(nèi)存段從調(diào)用進(jìn)程地址空間中分離出來的System V共享內(nèi)存段執(zhí)行共享內(nèi)存操作。需要傳遞的參數(shù)如下 -
shmaddr是要分離的共享內(nèi)存段的地址。待分離的段必須是由shmat()系統(tǒng)調(diào)用返回的地址。這個調(diào)用在成功時將返回0,在失敗的情況下為-1。 要知道失敗的原因,請檢查errno變量或perror()函數(shù)。
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/shm.h>
int shmctl(int shmid, int cmd, struct shmid_ds *buf)
上述系統(tǒng)調(diào)用對System V共享內(nèi)存段進(jìn)行控制操作。需要傳遞的參數(shù)如下 -
shmid是共享內(nèi)存段的標(biāo)識符。 這個id是共享內(nèi)存標(biāo)識符,它是shmget()系統(tǒng)調(diào)用的返回值。cmd是對共享內(nèi)存段執(zhí)行所需控制操作的命令。cmd的有效值有 -IPC_STAT - 將struct shmid_ds的每個成員的當(dāng)前值的信息復(fù)制到由buf指向的傳遞的結(jié)構(gòu)。 該命令需要對共享內(nèi)存段的讀取權(quán)限。IPC_SET - 設(shè)置結(jié)構(gòu)buf指向的用戶ID,所有者的組ID,權(quán)限等。IPC_RMID - 標(biāo)記要銷毀的段。 該段只有在最后一個進(jìn)程分離后才被銷毀。IPC_INFO - 返回有關(guān)buf指向的結(jié)構(gòu)中共享內(nèi)存限制和參數(shù)的信息。SHM_INFO - 返回一個shm_info結(jié)構(gòu),其中包含有關(guān)共享內(nèi)存所消耗的系統(tǒng)資源的信息。buf是一個指向名為struct shmid_ds的共享內(nèi)存結(jié)構(gòu)的指針。 這個結(jié)構(gòu)的值將被用于任一集或者按照cmd得到。此調(diào)用根據(jù)傳遞的命令返回值。 在IPC_INFO和SHM_INFO或SHM_STAT成功之后,返回共享內(nèi)存段的索引或標(biāo)識符,或者返回其他操作的0,否則返回-1。 要知道失敗的原因,請檢查errno變量或perror()函數(shù)。
讓我們考慮下面的示例程序。
struct shmseg中具有完整變量)struct shmseg中的完整變量)以下是寫入過程的代碼(寫入共享內(nèi)存 - 文件:shm_write.c)
/* Filename: shm_write.c */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<sys/ipc.h>
#include<sys/shm.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<errno.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<unistd.h>
#include<string.h>
#define BUF_SIZE 1024
#define SHM_KEY 0x1234
struct shmseg {
int cnt;
int complete;
char buf[BUF_SIZE];
};
int fill_buffer(char * bufptr, int size);
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
int shmid, numtimes;
struct shmseg *shmp;
char *bufptr;
int spaceavailable;
shmid = shmget(SHM_KEY, sizeof(struct shmseg), 0644|IPC_CREAT);
if (shmid == -1) {
perror("Shared memory");
return 1;
}
// Attach to the segment to get a pointer to it.
shmp = shmat(shmid, NULL, 0);
if (shmp == (void *) -1) {
perror("Shared memory attach");
return 1;
}
/* Transfer blocks of data from buffer to shared memory */
bufptr = shmp->buf;
spaceavailable = BUF_SIZE;
for (numtimes = 0; numtimes < 5; numtimes++) {
shmp->cnt = fill_buffer(bufptr, spaceavailable);
shmp->complete = 0;
printf("Writing Process: Shared Memory Write: Wrote %d bytes\n", shmp->cnt);
bufptr = shmp->buf;
spaceavailable = BUF_SIZE;
sleep(3);
}
printf("Writing Process: Wrote %d times\n", numtimes);
shmp->complete = 1;
if (shmdt(shmp) == -1) {
perror("shmdt");
return 1;
}
if (shmctl(shmid, IPC_RMID, 0) == -1) {
perror("shmctl");
return 1;
}
printf("Writing Process: Complete\n");
return 0;
}
int fill_buffer(char * bufptr, int size) {
static char ch = 'A';
int filled_count;
//printf("size is %d\n", size);
memset(bufptr, ch, size - 1);
bufptr[size-1] = '\0';
if (ch > 122)
ch = 65;
if ( (ch >= 65) && (ch <= 122) ) {
if ( (ch >= 91) && (ch <= 96) ) {
ch = 65;
}
}
filled_count = strlen(bufptr);
//printf("buffer count is: %d\n", filled_count);
//printf("buffer filled is:%s\n", bufptr);
ch++;
return filled_count;
}
編譯并執(zhí)行上面示例代碼,得到以下結(jié)果 -
Writing Process: Shared Memory Write: Wrote 1023 bytes
Writing Process: Shared Memory Write: Wrote 1023 bytes
Writing Process: Shared Memory Write: Wrote 1023 bytes
Writing Process: Shared Memory Write: Wrote 1023 bytes
Writing Process: Shared Memory Write: Wrote 1023 bytes
Writing Process: Wrote 5 times
Writing Process: Complete
以下是讀取過程的代碼(從共享內(nèi)存讀取并寫入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)輸出 - 文件:shm_read.c)
/* Filename: shm_read.c */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<sys/ipc.h>
#include<sys/shm.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<errno.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#define BUF_SIZE 1024
#define SHM_KEY 0x1234
struct shmseg {
int cnt;
int complete;
char buf[BUF_SIZE];
};
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
int shmid;
struct shmseg *shmp;
shmid = shmget(SHM_KEY, sizeof(struct shmseg), 0644|IPC_CREAT);
if (shmid == -1) {
perror("Shared memory");
return 1;
}
// Attach to the segment to get a pointer to it.
shmp = shmat(shmid, NULL, 0);
if (shmp == (void *) -1) {
perror("Shared memory attach");
return 1;
}
/* Transfer blocks of data from shared memory to stdout*/
while (shmp->complete != 1) {
printf("segment contains : \n\"%s\"\n", shmp->buf);
if (shmp->cnt == -1) {
perror("read");
return 1;
}
printf("Reading Process: Shared Memory: Read %d bytes\n", shmp->cnt);
sleep(3);
}
printf("Reading Process: Reading Done, Detaching Shared Memory\n");
if (shmdt(shmp) == -1) {
perror("shmdt");
return 1;
}
printf("Reading Process: Complete\n");
return 0;
}
執(zhí)行上面示例代碼,得到以下結(jié)果 -
segment contains :
"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA"
Reading Process: Shared Memory: Read 1023 bytes
segment contains :
"BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB"
Reading Process: Shared Memory: Read 1023 bytes
segment contains :
"CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC"
Reading Process: Shared Memory: Read 1023 bytes
segment contains :
"DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD
DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD"
Reading Process: Shared Memory: Read 1023 bytes
segment contains :
"EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE
EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE"
Reading Process: Shared Memory: Read 1023 bytes
Reading Process: Reading Done, Detaching Shared Memory
Reading Process: Complete