@fongjava 回答的已經(jīng)很好了，
我再補(bǔ)充一個(gè)更強(qiáng)大的方案

commons-el 不僅能實(shí)現(xiàn)一些簡(jiǎn)單的變量替換，還能對(duì)表達(dá)式進(jìn)行運(yùn)算。
參見(jiàn)
http://commons.apache.org/dor...
例子
https://www.programcreek.com/...

如果還覺(jué)得不夠可以試試FreeMarker

Apache POI可以處理Word文檔，文本替換用正則

可以用freemarker實(shí)現(xiàn)，之前的一個(gè)項(xiàng)目，要生成word報(bào)告，最開(kāi)始想用word模板編輯器，后來(lái)覺(jué)得復(fù)雜了，且效果不好。最后改成freemarker，效果不錯(cuò)，可以在模板中調(diào)成自己想要的內(nèi)容格式，然后導(dǎo)出xml。
字符串替換用 ${string}
表格循環(huán)用標(biāo)簽

<#list  userList as user>
姓名：${user.userName}，性別：${user.sex}
</#list>

可以看看XDOC，支持表格、圖表等，http://www.xdocin.com/office....

同樓上 具體正則自行百度

處理Word可以使用poi，
如何替換使用下面三個(gè)類就好了。

public class GenericTokenParser {

    private final String       openToken;
    private final String       closeToken;
    private final TokenHandler handler;

    public GenericTokenParser(String openToken, String closeToken, TokenHandler handler) {
        this.openToken = openToken;
        this.closeToken = closeToken;
        this.handler = handler;
    }

    // 主要的邏輯就是取出expression，委托TokenHandler來(lái)替換expression。
    public String parse(String text) {
        if (text == null || text.isEmpty()) {
            return "";
        }
        // search open token
        int start = text.indexOf(openToken, 0);
        if (start == -1) {
            return text;
        }
        char[] src = text.toCharArray();
        int offset = 0;
        final StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
        StringBuilder expression = null;
        while (start > -1) {
            if (start > 0 && src[start - 1] == '\\') {
                // this open token is escaped. remove the backslash and continue.
                builder.append(src, offset, start - offset - 1).append(openToken);
                offset = start + openToken.length();
            } else {
                // found open token. let's search close token.
                if (expression == null) {
                    expression = new StringBuilder();
                } else {
                    expression.setLength(0);
                }
                builder.append(src, offset, start - offset);
                offset = start + openToken.length();
                int end = text.indexOf(closeToken, offset);
                while (end > -1) {
                    if (end > offset && src[end - 1] == '\\') {
                        // this close token is escaped. remove the backslash and continue.
                        expression.append(src, offset, end - offset - 1).append(closeToken);
                        offset = end + closeToken.length();
                        end = text.indexOf(closeToken, offset);
                    } else {
                        expression.append(src, offset, end - offset);
                        offset = end + closeToken.length();
                        break;
                    }
                }
                if (end == -1) {
                    // close token was not found.
                    builder.append(src, start, src.length - start);
                    offset = src.length;
                } else {
                    builder.append(handler.handleToken(expression.toString()));
                    offset = end + closeToken.length();
                }
            }
            start = text.indexOf(openToken, offset);
        }
        if (offset < src.length) {
            builder.append(src, offset, src.length - offset);
        }
        return builder.toString();
    }
}

public class VariableTokenHandler implements TokenHandler {
        private final Properties variables;
        private final boolean    enableDefaultValue;
        private final String     defaultValueSeparator;

        public VariableTokenHandler(Properties variables) {
            this.variables = variables;
            this.enableDefaultValue = false;
            this.defaultValueSeparator = ":";
        }

        private String getPropertyValue(String key, String defaultValue) {
            return (variables == null) ? defaultValue : variables.getProperty(key, defaultValue);
        }

        @Override
        public String handleToken(String content) {
            if (variables != null) {
                String key = content;
                if (enableDefaultValue) {
                    final int separatorIndex = content.indexOf(defaultValueSeparator);
                    String defaultValue = null;
                    if (separatorIndex >= 0) {
                        key = content.substring(0, separatorIndex);
                        defaultValue = content.substring(separatorIndex + defaultValueSeparator.length());
                    }
                    if (defaultValue != null) { 
                        return variables.getProperty(key, defaultValue);
                    }
                }
                if (variables.containsKey(key)) {
                    return variables.getProperty(key);
                }
            }
            return "${" + content + "}"; 
        }
    }

public interface TokenHandler {
    String handleToken(String content);
}

使用方法：

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Properties properties = new Properties();
        properties.put("name", "javaer");
        VariableTokenHandler tokenHandler = new VariableTokenHandler(properties);
        GenericTokenParser parser = new GenericTokenParser("${", "}", tokenHandler);
        String parse = parser.parse("my name is ${name}");
        System.out.println(parse);
    }
}

運(yùn)行結(jié)果：
Screen Shot 2017-12-26 at 11.43.29

正則表達(dá)式啊

XWPFTemplate template = XWPFTemplate.compile("~/file.docx").render(datas);

參見(jiàn)github項(xiàng)目：https://github.com/Sayi/poi-tl

• {{template}}

普通文本，渲染數(shù)據(jù)為：String或者TextRenderData

• {{@template}}

圖片,渲染數(shù)據(jù)為：PictureRenderData